Cofactors

• Cofactors are typically inorganic ions such as magnesium (Mg²⁺), iron (Fe²⁺), or zinc (Zn²⁺). They bind to the enzyme and are essential for its activity.
  
• Coenzymes are organic molecules, often derived from vitamins, that assist in enzyme function. They can be tightly or loosely bound to the enzyme and are often involved in transferring chemical groups during reactions.
• Water-soluble vitamins like B vitamins (e.g., B1, B2, B3, B6, B12) and vitamin C often serve as coenzymes. They participate in various enzymatic reactions, aiding in processes such as energy production and the synthesis of macromolecules.
• Apoenzymes are the protein components of enzymes, which require cofactors or coenzymes to become active.
  
• Holoenzymes are the complete, active forms of enzymes that include their apoenzymes and any necessary cofactors or coenzymes.
  

Dive deeper: Prosthetic groups are non-polypeptide units that are tightly and permanently attached to enzymes, often playing a crucial role in their function. Coenzymes, on the other hand, are loosely bound and can be easily removed.