📝 Quiz Pages
- Functional groups are specific arrangements of atoms that give organic molecules their characteristic chemical properties and reactivity patterns.
- Aldehydes contain a carbonyl group bonded to at least one hydrogen atom, with the general structure R-CHO.
- Ketones contain a carbonyl group bonded to two carbon atoms, with the general structure R-CO-R.
- Alcohols contain a hydroxyl group (-OH) bonded to a carbon atom, making them polar and capable of hydrogen bonding.
- Carboxylic acids contain a carboxyl group (-COOH) that can donate protons, making them acidic compounds.
- Esters are formed from the reaction between carboxylic acids and alcohols, with the general structure R-COO-R.
- Amides contain a carbonyl group bonded to a nitrogen atom, commonly found in proteins and synthetic polymers.
- Phenols are aromatic alcohols with a hydroxyl group directly attached to a benzene ring, making them more acidic than regular alcohols.
- Aromatic compounds contain benzene rings or similar cyclic, planar structures with delocalized electrons.
- Heterocyclic compounds are ring structures that contain atoms other than carbon, such as nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.
- Oxidation reactions involve the loss of electrons, often converting alcohols to aldehydes/ketones or aldehydes to carboxylic acids.
- Reduction reactions involve the gain of electrons, often converting carbonyl groups to alcohols using reducing agents.
- Substitution reactions involve the replacement of one functional group or atom with another in organic molecules.
- Addition reactions involve the addition of atoms or groups across carbon-carbon double or triple bonds.
- Elimination reactions involve the removal of groups from adjacent carbons to form carbon-carbon double bonds.
- Aldol condensation is a reaction between aldehydes and ketones that forms carbon-carbon bonds, important in biosynthesis.
- Esterification is the reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol to form an ester and water.
- Hydrolysis reactions use water to break chemical bonds, such as converting esters back to acids and alcohols.